OUTRAGES BY INDIANS
"MINER" EDITORIAL DESCRIBING TRIP THROUGH INDIAN COUNTRY INTERVIEWS BETWEEN GENERAL STONEMAN AND
INDIANS "MINER" PRINTS PETITION TO PRESIDENT WITH LIST OF THREE HUNDRED AND ONE PERSONS KILLED BY INDIANS IN SEVEN YEARS.
On the 15th of October, 1870, the "Miner" had an editorial written by John Marion, which follows :

"On a trip through Arizona the Indians had not changed much since last we saw them in 1866, but we missed some familiar faces, and as the members of the tribes could give no straight accounts of their whereabouts, the conclusion forced itself upon us that they had fallen while raiding upon the whites. (This is from Camp Thomas.) The supposition was that all the Indians around the post were Coyotero Apaches, and it is probably correct. We circulated about the post considerably during the evening of our first day there and gleaned some facts regarding our red brother and the country, the relation of which may prove interesting to our readers. Our guide, who appeared to be well posted, assured us that the Coyotero band or tribe numbered nearly six thousand souls, fifteen hundred of whom might be classed as warriors, which we think is an over estimate. They have four chiefs, the head one being Seskalthesala, whose chieftainship came down to him. His ancestors were Pedro Miguel and Chiquita Oapitania. He has but one eye but manages to see clearer with that than do many of his brother chiefs with their two eyes. In a word, he is by far the shrewdest, most able Indian in the tribe. The Coyoteros profess to be at peace with the whites, but those who know them best look upon such profession as a good joke. Seskalthesala and his followers have, for years, been friendly with us, not for any love they have for us, but for motives of policy, and no truer idea of the sentiments of the tribe can be given than the fact that Seskalthesala, whom they once reverenced and styled 'Capitania Grande,' has sunk into insignificance and disrepute among them. Yet we have some faith in the peaceable professions of the remaining chiefs, and believe that we can ally them to us by treating them squarely and properly, which is by keeping a respectable number of troops in their country, assisting them to raise crops, furnishing them with medicine, and seeing that they stay at home and do not steal away on expeditions. When all this is done the Coyoteros may act honestly. Their country is a delightful one, and it is said they are passionately fond of it. Go where you will through it and you will find plenty of game, grass, timber, and water, with sufficient agricultural lands to produce food for ten thousand people. They know how to raise corn, wheat, and vegetables, at least the women do, and of late years they have had particular luck with their crops and have raised enough corn and fodder to sell to the posts. We know it to be the fixed opinion of Arizonans that the Apache cannot be tamed, as proper measures for doing so have never been taken, but it may be that the opportunity will soon be here. We hope so at all events, and it is cheaper by far for the country to further their civilization than it is to fight them, which latter mode of dealing with them has, so far, proven an expensive way of subduing them. The Coyoteros speak the same language as their friends the Pinalenos and Tontos, and perhaps the Apache-Mohaves, which latter tribe is now normally at peace with us. All being Apaches, they visit one another, intermarry, and get along together, so that it looks ridiculous to be at peace with one clan and allow them to become acquainted with our ways and means, while fighting their friends and brothers. Although the Coyoteros say the other clans are anxious to make peace with us, the recent murders and robberies committed by them do not look much like it. All Apaches are on good terms with the Zuni and Moqui Indians, and a brisk trade is kept up among them. On the contrary, the powerful Navaho tribe, once part and parcel of the Apache nation, and still speaking the same language, are deadly foes to the Apaches, killing them whenever and wherever they can and robbing them at every opportunity. The Navahos are also the scourge of the Moquis and Zunis, and, being brave Indians, all others are afraid of them. But a little while ago a party of these King Eobbers killed a Coyotero and stole his horse, and soon after cut down the wheat which the poor Zunis were growing, and packed it away with them. The Coyoteros, male and female, are a hardy, good looking, intelligent race of Indians. The women are noted for their virtue and industry. The men spend their time in gambling and lying around, when not hunting or stealing. They manufacture from buckskin very good monte cards, a pack of which was secured by Dr. Wirts. They are exceedingly suspicious, superstitious and religious, consequently have great faith in and reverence for their medicine men. If memory serves us right, they deposit their dead in caverns with all their personal effects. We would be delighted to find out something about our near and very dear neighbors, the Pinalenos and Tontos, but only heard that the Pinalenos could, perhaps, muster fifteen hundred warriors, which, if true, is better for us, for they are a villainous set of robbers and murderers.

"The next morning the sun shone brightly upon the camp, and w,e awoke with the first tap of the drum, ate a hearty breakfast, and started down the river to look for a new site for a post, that is, Colonel Stoneman, Major Cogswell, Major Green, Captain Smith, and all the doctors went for that purpose and we accompanied them so as to be on hand to record any incident that might occur, for there was a steep canyon in front of the site whose depth had to be determined, and in doing it some of the officers might fall down and break their necks. The new site gave entire satisfaction to all, and Colonel Stoneman accepted it for the future home of his braves. It is on a high mesa a hundred feet above the level of the stream, and cannot be other than a healthy location. An Indian powwow was to take place this forenoon, and when our party got back to camp, many Indians were squatted under the trees near Colonel Stoneman 's tent, anxious to shake hands with him and eager to talk in their smooth, wild dialect. After the usual presentations were made, Mr. Miguel took the floor and addressed himself to Chairman Stoneman, saying in substance that he was glad to see him; that God made man different, the white man he made rich and the red man he made poor, which was all a mistake on Mr. Miguel's part, but he continued in regard to where he had made peace with Colonel Green, and had been a good man ever since.

"Seskalthesala spoke next. He commenced by saying that he had much to say and was going to say it, which remark made us feel uneasy for we were anxious to get on the road and strike on, but he continued and we were forced to listen to the whole speech. The veins in his neck swelled until they were as large as a man's finger; his mouth opened, and he said he had heard a good deal about Stoneman, and was glad to see him. God had brought them together to smoke in peace, (a gentle hint for some cigarettes which were immediately furnished and passed around), and what he had said or might say would be written on stone and he thought it would last. Of course this was merely a figure of speech, for neither the old fellow nor any of his tribe understood the art of writing on stone or anything else. Then in token of his love for the rations of beef that had been given to him, he said that he was always glad to get to eat meat ; that snow would soon come and his people needed clothing. Once they were rich in horses, mules, asses, and cattle, and could trade with the Zunis for everything they needed, powder and lead included. Now they were poor, the soldiers and the frosts having destroyed their crops, and they did not even have powder and lead to kill game with.

"Pedro, who appeared in a green suit of manta, commenced in a begging strain. His people wanted more rations, guns, powder, lead, and clothing. He declaimed against the Navahos, and ordered them kept on their reservations, or, if they would not stay there, he would fight them and steal from them. He wanted a physician and an Indian Agent for his people, and expressed a laudable desire to learn something about two Indians whom he once sent to Tucson and who, it was rumored, had been massacred near that place. He furthermore said that one of Cochise's friends, named Cheis, had visited Colonel Green, and was anxious to make peace with the Americans, and that he believed that Cheis meant what he said. He then spoke about the Pinalenos, and said that all but one chief were tired of war. Pedro then subsided, and Miguel spoke in a new vein. He wanted hoes, axes, and other tools for his people, so that they could till the ground and make themselves comfortable. This speech pleased Colonel Green and General Stoneman better than all the rest. General Stoneman inquired if they, the chiefs, had said all they desired. Upon being answered in the affirmative, General Stoneman then commenced by promising to do all he could for the Indians who had lived in peace with the whites. God, he said, wanted all people to live in peace. Away to the East were myriads of white men, and the great Father of all Indians and Americans would do right by all. This appeared to please the reds, who grunted their approval. General Stoneman then said that should the Navahos continue to war upon them, he would issue orders to the commanders of posts to send their soldiers against the Navahos. He advised them to abandon the foolish custom of burning the clothing of those who died as it kept them poor and naked. He said that he would keep on giving them rations of meat, and perhaps flour, providing they would live peaceably and assist the troops in hunting and killing bad Indians. He tried to impress them with the idea of the great cost to the Government of flour, beef, etc., and promised them corn, etc., and said he hoped that thereafter they would raise grain and vegetables to feed themselves. He further said that the business of the soldiers was to kill bad Indians and protect citizens, and if they did not behave themselves and stop stealing from posts and settlements that they would all get killed. In two months he would be prepared to furnish them with medicines, and would also write to Congress for an Indian Agent for them.

"The Colonel's talk being ended, Miguel, with fitting words and great tact, asked the General what he intended doing with Barbrashae, an old and bad Final chief, who was then in the guardhouse in a wilted condition. After inquiring about the case, the General asked Miguel what he would like to see done with him. Miguel would not say further than that the prisoner was in the General's hands; that he had been a bad Indian, but was then, and would thereafter be, incapable of doing harm, for the very good reason that he was in feeble health and could not last long. Finally Miguel acknowledged that he wished Barbrashae set at liberty and he would go security for his good behavior in the future if the General demanded it, but that he first wished to give Barbrashae a piece of his mind. In answer to this proposition the General said, in substance, that he would release Barbrashae, but that if he wanted to keep on fighting he could do so and he would get killed. This pleased the Indians and they applauded with a vim. After a general handshaking, the conference broke up. We bade S^odbye to our friends, and started for Camp oodwin, never stopping until we arrived on the banks of that noble stream, the Agua Prieta, or Salt River, which was late in the afternoon. The distance traveled was eighteen miles over a very rough country, containing plenty of wood, water, and grass. During the night Paymaster Monroe and the Honorable Sylvester Mowry arrived and told us the news."

Under date of October 14th, 1871, the " Miner" prints a petition to the President, attached to which was a list of three hundred and one names of people killed by the Apaches since 1864, which number was probably not one-half, but was at least ten per cent of the adult American population of Arizona at that time. This petition and list follow :

"The undersigned citizens of the Territory of Arizona, regarding the present anomalous state of affairs concerning the Indian difficulties in the Territory as being in the highest degree unsatisfactory and perilous to our interests as a community, respectfully represent:

"That we desire nothing more earnestly than peace with the Apaches.

"That last spring, many disheartened by our sufferings and losses from hostile Indians, were preparing to abandon the Territory where we have labored and waited for years, hoping for the subjugation of the Apaches, when the assignment of General George Crook to the command of this Department gave us new hope, and we determined to hold on a little longer, and believed that the operations inaugurated by the General were calculated to result in a speedy settlement of our troubles, but, just as his plans were being successfully put in force, we learn that the matter is taken out of his hands and turned over to the Peace Commissioners.

"That although we had no confidence in their policy, being satisfied from past experiences that no peace treaty to which the Apache is an equal party can be lasting, we were willing to give all the assistance in our power to the Commissioners to aid them in their plans, but since the arrival of their agent here, we perceive with dismay that the most hostile tribes refuse to treat with him, and have continued their murderous and thieving raids as boldly and viciously as ever.

"That we are disappointed and discouraged by the policy of the agent in proposing to continue the practice of giving asylum and aid at military posts indiscriminately to all Indians choosing to seek it, as the past has proven that the warriors can thus leave their families and property in security while they make marauding excursions over the country, and return with their scalps and plunder to the protection of the posts.

"That we are satisfied that the party having authority to make peace treaties with our Indian enemies should also have power to promptly punish violations of such treaties.

"Therefore, we, your petitioners, do most earnestly ask your Excellency to inform us whether it is the design of the Government to place the management of affairs pertaining to Indians in Arizona, not now living on reservations, in the hands of the Peace Commissioners, or under the control of the Department Commander.

"And we do further most respectfully represent that if -the policy here inaugurated by the agent of the Peace Commissioners is to be persisted in, the deserted homes of our friends and neighbors, and the graves of those slain by the Apaches, which line every road and trail, and fill every graveyard in Arizona, warn us that if we remain here, we must expect a similar fate.

"One cause for this movement is that we of Arizona, and the people of California in our behalf, have exhausted, to no purpose, every other means by which we hoped and believed the protection of life and property in Arizona might be secured, and, as a last resort, appeal to the President in a manner direct.

"That the most prejudiced against the settlers on the frontiers might be convinced that this effort has not been wantonly put forth, and at the same time to prove the terrible necessity for some means, yet untried, by which we may hope to obtain protection, we publish, in connection, a list of such of the Indian murders and robberies as have been recorded since March, 1864. We will permit this cause to speak for itself, to the American people, and then, without apprehension, w^e will leave the fair and disinterested of our fellow citizens to draw their conclusions with regard to us. Here, then, is the list :

"We will commence with Yavapai county, where, on March 4th, 1864, the savages whom we had partially clothed and fed, dug up the hatchet, and without cause or provocation, commenced a career of murder and robbery unparalleled in the history of the west, by murdering five Mexicans and three Americans: Upton, Mellen, and a man whose name is unknown to us.

"March 16th, they attacked the ranch of Sheldon & Forbes, near Prescott, and killed a Mr. Cosgrove.

"June 1st, Belnap was murdered near Walnut Grove.

"June 6th, they waylaid and killed W. P. Jones in the Big Bug District, and shockingly mutilated his body.

"On the same day Samuel Harrison was slain in Battle Flat.

"July 24th, poor Jack Beauchamp lost his life while exploring the country east of Prescott. The 'friendly' Coyoteros killed him.

"March 13th, three men, names unknown, were killed near Camp Date Creek.

" March 15th, 1865, Charles Smith was killed near " Wickenburg. March 20th, they killed a Mr. Somers near the same place. "

April 10th, L. Cross was murdered at the sink of the Hassayampa while herding a band of animals; twenty-one animals were stolen, and seventeen arrows shot into Cross' naked corpse.

"Mr. Alexander was killed some time in this

month about two miles west of Prescott. "March 2nd, a soldier, name unknown, fell into their hands near Prescott, and was butchered.

"In April, 1865, a Mexican teamster was killed in Mohave County.

"May 2nd, a Mexican was killed near Lynx Creek.

"May 3rd, at Willow Springs, between Camp Date Creek and Kirkland Valley, Eichard Bell, Cornelius Sage and Charles Cunningham fell victims to the savages.

"May 26th, John Ryan, a soldier, was murdered near Wickenburg.

"June 2nd, Harry, alias 'Hog' Johnson, murdered on Arrastra Creek, while on herd.

"July 22nd, they killed a soldier named John Whitting, near Skull Valley.

"Some time in August Sheriff Calkins and two soldiers were severely wounded, between Lynx Creek and Fort Whipple.

"In 1865 or 1866 they murdered a son of Pauline Weaver near Wickenburg.

"In 1865 or 1866 they attacked Pauline Weaver and a man named Raymond, inflicting upon Raymond a wound which finally caused his death.

"March 30th, 1866, Wallapais killed Edward Glower at the Willows, on the Prescott and Mohave road.

"May 1st, John Broderick, a soldier, was shot and killed on the Eio Verde, near Camp Verde.

"About the same date a body of an unknown man was found on the trail to Walnut Grove, corpse mutilated and filled with arrows.

"In September, 1866, Wm. Boone was killed in Mohave County.

"November 8th, William Trahern, Leroy Jay and L. M. Linton were murdered while going from Woolsey's ranch to the Bully Bueno mill and mine.

"November 10th, G. W. Leihy, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, and his clerk, a Mr. Evarts, were most foully murdered while passing through Bell's Canyon, by Indians whom Mr. Leihy had treated with great kindness.

"In 1866 or 1867, Steinbrook was killed at or near Walnut Grove.

"April 27th, E. A. Bentley died from the effects of a wound received in a fight with Indians at Weaver Hill, a short time previous.

"February 19th or 20th they killed, near Martinez's ranch, on the Prescott and La Paz wagon road, Jack Gould and two other men, whose names are unknown to us.

"About this date two soldiers, named Harrington and Duvall, of Co. B., 32nd Infantry, lost their lives near Camp Verde.

"In March J. Taggart was murdered in Mohave County,

"In the same month D. T. McCall was murdered in Mohave " County.

June, 1867, William Taggart was murdered in Mohave County.

"July 27th, near Walnut Grove, Harvey Twaddle received a wound, from which he died August 5th.

"August 1st, they killed a soldier on Big Bug Creek.

August 3rd, two soldiers were killed in Bell's Canyon.

"August 7th, I. A. Wamsley was killed on the Lower Agua Pria.

"September 10th, they killed W. M. Sexton near Burnt Eanch.

"March 31st, 1868, Indians attacked a mail party between the Willows and Cottonwoods on the Prescott and Mohave road, killed two soldiers, Corporal Troy and Private Glover, and

wounded the carrier, Charles Spencer. "May 13th, Joe Green and John McWhorter were attacked and killed between Camps Mc-Dowell and Reno.

"May 18th, they killed John C. Baker, east of the Rio Verde.

"May 29th, a man was killed between Prescott and Skull Valley.

"June 16th, between McDowell and Reno, four soldiers, Sergeant Lemon and Privates Murphy, Merrill and Morrow, were killed.

"July 23rd, a soldier named Joachim was shot dead near Williamson Valley.

"August 30th, the savages killed a man named Oscar Kelly, between Wickenburg and the Vulture Mill and Mine.

"August, John Altman was murdered in Mohave County.

"September 2nd, a Mexican, Juan Teps, was murdered between Prescott and Lynx Creek.

"In September a man named R. C. Bean was killed near the White Mountains.

"September 4th, Robert Smith was shot and killed within sight of the Big Bug Mill.

"'October 28th, they killed B. F. Thompson, one and a half miles from Prescott.

"October 24th, J. J. Gibson received a wound, from the effects of which he died November 7th, 1868.

"October 25th, they killed Josiah Whitcomb near the Burnt Ranch.

"October 26th, they attacked a party near the Cienega and wounded George Bowers mortally. He died October 30th at Camp Verde.

"November 26th, they killed a soldier near Wickenburg, and a day or two afterwards a man named Robert Nix.

"November 8th, they made an attack on a pack train in Big Bug District, and killed Jose Rico, Secundia Lopez and Jose Molino.

"November 12th, Frank Pougeot fell into their clutches near Wickenburg and was cruelly murdered.

"December 1st, John O'Donnell was killed near Camp Willows, about sixty miles west from Prescott.

"Some time in 1868 they attacked John Dickson and Matt Welsh, who escaped.

"In 1860 they killed as follows :

"February 22nd or 23rd, William Burnett, near Granite Wash on the Prescott and La Paz road.

"February 25th, John Howell, between Skull Valley and Kirkland Valley.

"February 26th, David Osborn, near Prescott.

"April 18th, Milton S. Hadley, at Camp Toll Gate.

"May 29th, J. Sheldon, near Willow Grove.

"August 18th, Harrison Gray, at Walnut Grove.

"August 21st, a Mexican, name unknown.

"August, William Taylor, murdered in Mohave County.

"About the same time, near Beale Springs, a man called 'Doc' was murdered.

"September 8th, four Mexicans, near the Vulture Mine.

"October 16th, Julius Pelet, at the old Mexican camp, lower Lynx Creek.

"November 27th, George Melvin, near Williamson Valley.

"November llth, they captured John Y. Shirley near Lynx Creek, about twelve miles east from Prescott, and burned him at the stake.

"November 27th, Thos. N. Berry was killed near Prescott.

"December 28th, an unknown Mexican was killed between Camp McDowell and Phoenix.

"December 13th, Wesley Finnerty was murdered at Kirkland Valley.

"February 10th, 1870, Indians stole four animals from some placer mines on the Hassayampa, about twelve miles from Prescott.

"February 21st, the reds visited Phoenix, and got away with sixteen head of cattle.

"February 28th, a man named Jacob Smith was killed on the Mohave road, seventeen miles from Prescott, his body stripped, horribly mutilated and filled with arrows.

"March 18th, they made a raid on the herd belonging to the Big Bug Mill Company, wounded the herder, and got away with ten horses and mules.

"March 22nd, a party of three men prospecting about eighty miles northeast from Prescott were attacked, all seriously wounded and their animals stolen. Ferdinand Wander was wounded mortally and shot himself dead with his own revolver to end his sufferings. The other two reached the settlements two days later, nearly dead from loss of blood and want of water.

"About the same date a party of prospectors on Bradshaw Mountain, about forty miles southeast from Prescott, had four pack mules stolen by the Indians.

"April 1st, the rascals drove off a hundred and thirty head of sheep and goats belonging to H. Brooks, one mile from Prescott.

"April 7th, a Mexican was shot through the arm while cutting wood, two miles above Prescott.

"The same day a large band of Indians made a descent on a herd of mules belonging to Mr. Ariola, Wickenburg, killed one Mexican herder, badly wounded another, and got away with seventy-four fine team mules.

"April 17th, the Indians murdered William Pearson while he was plowing in Mint Valley, fourteen miles from Prescott, and drove off his animals.

"April 18th, P. Dorgan was shot and seriously wounded while prospecting near Camp Date Creek.

"April 19th, a man named Greeley, a stationkeeper on the road ten miles below Wickenburg, was murdered near his house.

"April 23rd, a Mr. Seebright, who had charge of a herd of three hundred and fifty sheep, near Williamson Valley, was murdered and all the sheep stolen.

"May 18th, Oliver Peterson was shot and three animals stolen, at Walnut Grove. Mr. Peterson died from his wounds about three weeks afterwards.

"June 3rd, the Indians made a raid on a herd of sixty head of cattle between Fort Whipple and Prescott, belonging to A. G. Dunn. The herder was shot through the hand. Although the Indians were closely pursued for twenty miles, they got off with eleven head, and killed six head on the trail.

"June 4th, Indians attacked the Government herd at Camp Verde, killed the corporal in charge of the herd, and drove away twelve animals.

"June 6th, Alfred Johnson and Mr. Watson were murdered on the road between Skull Valley and Camp Date Creek.

"June 13th, Indians stole two horses and ten burros from Burger & Lambertson, at Walnut Grove.

"July 24th, Messrs. Thomas, Elliott and Dawson, coining to town with a load of barley, were attacked by thirty Apaches and, after an hour's fighting, were obliged to abandon their wagon and load, which the Indians burned.

"August 10th, Apaches stole six head of cattle from Joe Fye on Salt River.

"About the same date Indians stole nine horses and mules from the Eureka Mill, at the head of Lynx Creek, and drove off: three animals from the Davis Ranch on the Hassayampa, also shot and slightly wounded S. Ball near the

Bradshaw Mountains. "August 27th : during the week ending August 27th, the Apaches gobbled up fourteen head of horses and mules in Williamson Valley, nine near Camp Hualapai, two at Wickenburg, and five at Deep Wash Station on the La Paz Road.

"September 14th, Indians stole nine head of cattle from J. H. Lee, at American ranch, in Round Valley, twelve miles from Prescott.

" October 6th, Wm. E. Dennison was murdered by Indians at Davis' ranch on the Hassayampa, eight miles from Prescott.

"November 13th, Wm. Farley and J. T. Bullock were brutally murdered by Apaches near the Big Bug quartz mill.

"November 15th, Thomas Rutledge was murdered and mutilated by Indians within half a mile of Prescott.

PIMA COUNTY. "March 1st, 1864, Gilbert W. Hopkins and W. Wrightson were murdered near Fort Buchanan.

"Here follows a lapse of two years during which no newspaper was published at Tucson, and consequently no record of the Indian depredations in Pima county for that term is extant. It is probable that during this period eight Americans were burned at the stake near Apache Pass, and that murder and robbery became 'wholesale' on the Santa Cruz, Sonoita and San Pedro.

"March 26th, 1866, Major Miller, U. S. A., and four soldiers were attacked and murdered at Round Valley, on the road from the Pirna Villages to Camp Grant.

"June 7th, 1867, three Mexicans were murdered between Camp Grant and Tucson.

"June 4th, a white man, name unknown, was murdered on the ranch of Jesus M. Elias, near Camp Grant, and on the same day, another man was murdered on the ranch of Tomlinson & Co., on the San Pedro.

"March 23rd, 1868, Johnson and Daniels were murdered near Picacho.

"May 6th, a Mexican, three miles from Tucson.

"May 26th, four men, Brownley, Tennessee,'

Knowles and King, between Tucson and the Rio Grande.

"July 13th, near the Cienega, Soto and Barba murdered.

"July 15th, near San Xavier, a friendly Indian was slain and a woman carried off into captivity.

"July 16th, Alonzo M. Brwin murdered at Camp Grant.

"July 23rd, near Camp Crittenden, two men were murdered and a man named Carroll captured and carried off.

"July 24th, a Mexican named Cozozo was murdered near Camp Grant.

"August 27th, James Pennington, near San Xavier.

" November 10th, a Mr. Ballon near Apache Pass.

" November 13th, a Mexican near the same place.

"February 26th, 1869, they murdered two men, Price and Davis, near Camp Grant.

"March 19th, two Mexicans were murdered near Picacho.

"March 23rd, a white man was murdered near Camp Grant.

"April 13, seven Mexicans murdered near Camp Crittenden.

"April 14th, near same place, two soldiers were murdered.

"May 11th, between Tucson and Camp Grant three men murdered.

"March 28th, a man killed at San Pedro.

"June 10th, the savages murdered Mr. Pennington and son, of Sonoita.

"June 19th, Jose Jaramillo was murdered at Soldiers' Farewell.

"June 26th, at the same place, two men lost their lives.

"July 3rd, on the San Pedro, three men, Johnson, McMurray and O'Donnell, fell victims to the savages.

"July 15th, a Mexican at Palo Parado ranch.

"August 25th, man murdered at Soldiers' Farewell.

"October 6th, seven men, four soldiers and three citizens, were murdered near Apache Pass. Among them were Colonel Stone, President of the Apache Pass Mining Company, and a Mr. Kaler. The names of the other victims are unknown.

" October 13th, two Mexicans murdered near Tucson.

"November 26th, Benjamin Aiken and a Mexican were murdered on the Sonoita.

"November 30th, Eichard Halstead was murdered near Florence.

" December 14th, they murdered the mail carrier between Florence and McDowell.

"About the same date they murdered three men near the Cienega.

"September 7th, 1869, Indians made a descent upon a ranch at the Rillito, and captured thirtyfive head of beef cattle, the property of Don Pancho Gomez.

"September 9th, two Texans, named Benton and Foster, returning to their native State, were murdered by Indians at San Pedro.

"October 13th, a band of Indians captured a herd of ninety cattle at the Rillito, and killed one Mexican and four horses.

"October 21st, a Mexican named Pesquiera was fired at by Indians near Nine Mile Station, and his horse shot dead under him.

"November 27th, Indians captured Government herd at Camp Bowie.

"November 27th, Indians stole two horses from the station of J. Miller at the Cienega.

"November 28th, Indians visit Camp Crittenden at night, kill a cow at a distance of two hundred yards from the post, and carry off a tent.

"About the same date they attacked the premises of Mr. Barnes at Camp Wallen, carried off his effects and then burned his store and storehouse

"December 1st, Indians steal thirty-two head of mules from the ranch of Mr. Allen, bordering on Tucson, in view of Camp Lowell.

"December 4th, the bodies of three Americans, recently murdered, were discovered near the Cienega.

"December 10th, the mail rider on the route between Florence and Camp McDowell, was murdered and the mail captured. Indians endeavored to fire a ranch at Camp Grant and stole a Government mule.

"January 8th, 1870, Samuel Brown and J. Simms were murdered by Indians at the San Pedro settlement and their team captured.

"January 17th, Indians invaded the premises of Clint Thompson, at Sacaton, and captured forty-five head of cattle.

"January 18th, thirty-eight head of cattle captured by Indians near San Xavier.

"January 20th, they attacked the Sonora mail stage near Sasabi Flat. E. Aguerra, his clerk, and two passengers were murdered.

"January 31st, Indians made a descent upon the ranch of Mr. Morgan near Camp Crittenden, and drove off three mules belonging to W. J. Osborn.

"February 2nd, Solomon Warner and Dr. Wakefield were attacked by Indians near Camp Crittenden, the former wounded, and the latter killed.

"February 3rd, Indians attacked a train near the Point of Mountain, drove off the escort, killed two men, wounded one, drove off twelve mules, and carried off a considerable amount of property.

"February 8th, Diego Campio was murdered by Indians in the neighborhood of Florence, and teams and other property captured. "

February 22nd, Indians stole six fine blooded cows from the ranch of Mr. Allen near Tucson.

"February 26th, Indians visited the premises of Colonel Ruggles, near Florence, and stole two horses from the corral.

"March 1st, Indians made a raid upon the ranches of Brown and Gardner, near Camp Crittenden, and captured all the stock belonging to both ranches.

" March 7th, the Paymaster's clerk, en route from Camp Reno to Camp McDowell, with an escort of thirteen soldiers, was wounded, and one of the escort killed.

"April 6th, a Mexican named Siez was murdered at Rillito ; his horse and the horse of his companion captured. "

April 7th, a herd of two hundred cattle, the property of Juan Gregalba, stolen from a field in the vicinity of Tucson.

"April 10th, A. J. Jackson murdered by Indians at San Pedro.

"April 11th, a Mexican named Soto was murdered and scalped in the neighborhood of Camp Wallen.

"April 18th, Indians visited Camp Grant and stole three horses from Captain Hinds' wagon, and four mules, the property of C. Conwell.

"April 17th, Indians visited the ranch of J. Miller at the Cienega, and killed one of the soldiers stationed there.

"April 21st, a party of Mexicans coming from Sonora were attacked by Indians at the Potrero, and six men killed.

"June 6, two hundred Indians attacked the wagons of Messrs. Kennedy & Israel, near Canyon del Oro, murdered both men, captured the teams and goods, and burned the wagons.

"June 8th, Indians made a raid upon the ranch of Mr. Gardner, on the Sonoita, murdered David Holland, captured a Mexican boy, and ran off a herd of cattle.

"June 15th, Indians take twenty-eight head of cattle from San Xavier, the property of Mr. Lazard.

"June 25th, Indians attacked a prospecting party near Cottonwood Springs, on the road from Florence to Camp Grant, wounded Messrs. Myers, Johns and Curtis, and captured the wagon and its effects valued at about two thousand dollars.

"July 1st, Indians attacked the train of Mr. Terkes near the San Pedro and killed one mule.

"July 10th, Mr. Yerkes' train again attacked, at 'Oak Grove, fifty odd miles from Camp Goodwin, and one animal captured.

"On the same day Messrs. Smith and Ynigo were murdered on the ranch of Peter Kitchen, fifteen miles from Tubac.

"July 14th, Indians visited Point of Mountain Station, eighteen miles west of Tucson, and captured six mules.

"July 17th, Indians attacked the ranch of J. C. Blanchard, near Tubac, carried off all his effects, and fired the buildings.

"August 7th, Thomas Venable, Peter Riggs, and a Mexican killed by Indians at Davis Springs, eighteen miles from Camp Crittenden. Wagons and goods to the value of over six thousand dollars burned, and the stock driven off.

"August 8th, the mail rider and two other men, Scott and Young, were murdered at the Cienega, twenty-five miles eastward from Tucson. The station, with much property, was destroyed. "

"August 13th, Indians attacked station at Point of Mountain and seriously wounded Mr. Blowe in the left shoulder.

"August 18th, mail stage attacked by Indians halfway between the Cienega, and the San Pedro ; murdered Wm. Burns, driver, John Collins, stage superintendent, and two soldiers of Co. D, 21st Infantry.

" December 28th, they attacked a freight train between Tucson and Camp Goodwin, killed Martin Rivera, wounded two others and captured thirty head of oxen.

"The same day a party of Sonoranians were attacked near Tubac and two were killed.

"September 23rd, 1868, John Killian was waylaid and murdered within one mile of Hardyville.

"October 1st, in Sacramento District, four men, Messrs. Woodworth, Benjamin, Judson, and Baker, met their death at the hands of savages; Sam Knodle wounded, lost the use of his right arm.

"June 24th, 1867, the savages killed a mail carrier, name unknown, near Beale Springs.

"August 20th, James H. Stimpson, Frank Messeur, and Edward Yonker lost their lives while visiting mines in Sacramento District.
MISCELLANEOUS.

"January 5th, 1871, Indians made a night attack upon Lieut. Cradlebaugh's command, consisting of the Lieutenant himself, citizens Peck and McCrackin, Surgeon Steigers, and twenty enlisted men, which resulted in the wounding of Dr. Steigers and private Meyers, the killing of twenty-three government horses, and the capture of three. This happened about forty miles east from Prescott.

"January 11th, a Mexican train was attacked near the Agua Fria Station on the road from Phoenix to Wickenburg ; one Mexican was killed and three were wounded. The savages took a horse and thirty-two head of cattle after having destroyed the contents of the wagons. " About this date the savages made a raid upon the Gila, and stole eighteen head of mules.

"January 14th, Apaches stole thirty or forty mules from the vicinity of Arizona City.

"About the same date they got off with seven head of cattle and twelve horses from Culling 's Station on the Prescott and La Paz road.

"On the 19th, near Camp McDowell, they attacked a train belonging to W. B. Hellings & Co., killed George King, wounded P. Fenton, and another man. They then burned the wagons and their contents and put off towards the mountains with Mr. Helling 's animals, twenty-five mules.

"February 8th, Indians fired on some citizens near Camp Verde.

"About the same date Indians stole four horses from Phoenix.

"Also at Willow Grove, a party of Wallapai Indians shot a man and ran off with several head of stock.

"February 11th, a party of fifty savages was discovered when about to attack Beach's train near Prescott, and being charged by the whites, fled.

"Soon after this they visited the ranch formerly owned by Littig on Lower Granite Creek, about twelve miles from Prescott, and opened fire upon two men who were at work for A. C. Williamson. The men held their ground for awhile and then fled.

" About the same date a party of them paid their respects to the settlement on the Rio Verde, five miles below Camp Verde, and robbed a poor woman, Mrs. Ralston, of a lot of clothing and other property. Previous to this they tried to get some animals out of the corral, but did not succeed.

"They next attempted to capture the stage between Phoenix and Wickenburg.

"January 23rd, the savages made a raid on the ranches near Tumacacori, wounded a Portuguese named Joe,' and drove off four horses.

"January 31st, near Sacaton, a party of Apaches attacked three men who were at work for D. C. Thompson, cutting hay, and at the first fire wounded a man whose name we do not know. The Indians were followed, but eluded their pursuers, one of whom, A. Gonzales, strayed from his comrades and on returning in the night was taken for an Apache, shot and wounded by Prank Griffin.

"On the night of January 29th, they attempted to steal some horses from the San Pedro, were discovered, when one Indian was killed and another wounded.

"About the same time they attacked a party of three men and one woman on the road near Camp Bowie, and robbed them of their stock.

"February 1st, they tried to steal stock near Tucson, but were unsuccessful. They tried again on the morning of the 4th with better success, for we learn that they drove off 110 animals from Adam Linn's ranch.

"February 15th, Indians attacked Lieutenant Biley and ten men while guarding a government herd, near Infantry Camp in the Final Mountains, killed one soldier, wounded two others, and captured about seventy head of mules and a number of cattle.

" About the same date they pounced upon a herd of beef cattle near Camp Thomas, now Camp Apache, and drove them off and subsequently they attempted to capture some stock near Camp Verde.

"March 2nd, a white man, while at work near Phoenix, was chased into his house by Apache-Mohaves.

" About the same time, near the same place, several Pima and Maricopa Indians killed about twelve head of cattle belonging to Messrs. Hoicomb & Murray.

"March 7th, a band of Indians captured and destroyed the U. S. Mail near Gila Bend, wounded the driver and drove off the mules.

"March 10th, Mr. Ainza's train, en route to Infantry Camp, with Government supplies, was attacked by a large band of Indians, and two teamsters were killed and one wounded.

"On the same day Indians attacked the train of Manuel Ynigo between Camps Grant and Pinal killed one soldier, one Mexican, and captured sixteen mules.


"March 11th, an Indian walked into the store of the post trader at Camp Apache, and stuck his lance through the body of Mr. Kedmond, killing him instantly.

"On the 14th, Hinds & Hooker's herds, at Infantry Camp was attacked; two herders were killed and their arms captured by the savage assailants. Later in the day the sentinels at the post were fired upon.

"March 18th, a band of Indians made a descent upon the ranch of Mr. Hughes at Camp Crittenden, killed Mr. Cook; captured his team, and sacked the building and premises.

"The same day a party of savages attacked a ranch within sight of Camp Crittenden, murdered two men, robbed and burned several houses, stole two horses and other property.

"March 21st, Indians in strong force descended to the valley of Tubac, killed L. B. Wooster and Miss Trinidad Aguirre, and destroyed

property to the value of fifteen hundred dollars. "March 24th, Indians carried off ten head of cattle from a ranch five miles west of Tucson.

"On the 26th Hanna's freight train was attacked near Agua Fria Station by about a hundred and fifty Indians, Apache-Mohaves, who killed Mr. Hanna and one other man ; burned the wagons and their contents, and took twenty-two mules.

"April 1st, near Camp Date Creek, a large party of Indians attacked a train of five wagons, four belonging to Dr. W. W. Jones, and one to Henry Lachman. The savages killed Mr. Lachman, wounded another man, plundered the wagons, and drove off the animals.

"April 2nd, near Peeples' Valley, a party of savages killed a man named Wykoff, wounded John Burger, got three animals, two guns, and some ammunition.

"April 9th, Indians captured the herd of Juan Elias, near San Xavier on the Santa Cruz.

"April 12th, a band of Indians from the Camp Grant Reservation swept over the San Pedro Valley, killing Mr. Long, Mr. McKenzie, and Mr. Chapin, and wounded a Mexican.

"April 5th, Lieutenant Howard B. Gushing, W. H. Simpson, and a soldier named Green, killed by Indians in the Whetstone Mountains.

"April 14th, Indians captured twenty head of stock from a herd belonging to Hinds & Hooker near Cababi. The U. S. mail wagon was captured twelve miles east of San Pedro, the driver, Mark Eevlin, killed, and the animals captured.

"May 1st, Indians captured forty head of oxen from a train near Camp Verde.

"May 8th, Indians captured eighty-seven head of animals from a train on its way from Camp Verde to New Mexico.

"May 15th, the reservation Indians stampeded from Camp Apache, drove off the government herd, and captured the military mail.

"June 3rd, Indians stole four head of horses from a ranchman on the Upper Verde.

"June 5th, Indians killed Mr. Gantt, at Agua Fria, and captured the herd of Bowers Brothers, numbering one hundred and sixty animals.

"June 7th, a large force of Indians devastated the Upper Santa Cruz Valley, killed four men and wounded two. Among the killed were two Americans named Saunders and Blanchard ; the balance killed and wounded were Mexicans.

" June 16th, Indians stole four horses from Mr. Lambertson at Walnut Grove.

"June 23rd, Indians murdered Mr. Cooper near the Vulture Mine.

"July 7th, Indians killed a mail rider and captured a mail wagon near the Apache Pass.

"July 9th, Indians fired into a party of miners between Prescott and Bradshaw, and wounded one man named Leonard.

"July 10th, Indians stole five mules from a settler near Wickenburg.

"July 11th or 12th, a company of infantry, under Captain Smith, was attacked by a band of Cochise's Indians between the Cienega and Rio San Pedro; one private, W. H. Harris, was killed, and three wounded.

"July 22nd, Indians drove off a herd of cattle from the upper Santa Cruz, finishing a series of continual raids in the course of which two hundred head of horses and cattle had been captured from the valley.

"July 20th, Indians captured the Government herd at Camp Bowie, killed the herder, one Mc-Dougall, and wounded a soldier named Foley.

"July 24th, Abraham Henning murdered by Indians near Camp Hualapai.

"July 25th, two men fired upon by Indians a few miles north of Prescott, and one slightly wounded. Two horses killed at the mining camp on the Hassayampa. Two mules stolen by Indians from the premises of C. Y. Shelton at Lynx Creek.

"July 26th, a band of Indians visited Walnut Grove and stole eleven head of stock from the corral of Wm. Simmons.

"August 3rd, Indians, a second time, captured the herd of Bowers Brothers at Agua Fria.

"On the same day Indians made an attack upon Messrs. Rogers and Smith, near Camp Date Creek.

"August 5th, Messrs. Harrington and Whisler murdered and a Mexican wounded near Camp Verde, the animals and arms of the murdered men secured by the savages.

"August 6th, Indians captured fourteen head of horses and mules, the property of Wales Arnold, near Camp Verde.

"August 7th, Joseph Burroughs murdered by Indians near Camp Verde. Mail stage fired into while en route to Wickenburg from Prescott.

"August 14th, Indians stole thirty head of stock from a ranch near San Xavier on the Santa Cruz.

"August 22nd, Indians drove off three horses belonging to Mr. Lambertson, from his farm at Walnut Grove.

"August 25th, six mules stolen by Indians from Captain Kaufman's escort, between Camp Verde and the Little Colorado.

"September 1st, eight head of horses, the property of a party of miners, stolen by Indians from Pine Plat.

"September 5th, Gabriel, a Mexican herder in the employ of Mr. Campbell, murdered by Indians at Chino Valley.

"September 6th, Indians visited Camp Mc-Dowell, killed some stock, and carried off tents and clothing.

"September 4th, Indians captured seventy-five head of Government animals from Camp Crittenden.

"September 10th, Indians fired into a detachment of Final prospectors, killed one man and two horses.

''September 13th, a mail rider and a stock herder murdered by Indians two miles from Tucson, the mail captured and destroyed, and the mule of the mail rider taken by the Indians to the Camp Grant Reservation.

"September 22nd, Indians visited the settlement at Agua Fria, and burned a house belonging to Daniel Hatz.

"September 23rd, a party of Indians captured a herd of twenty cattle from a ranch two miles south of Tucson. They were followed by a party of citizens, and so closely pursued that they abandoned the plunder and took refuge on the Camp Grant Reservation.

"Some three weeks ago an American and a German left Prescott to hunt for game, and not having been heard from since, the supposition is that they have been murdered.

"Then, within the past few weeks, and while the Indians had full knowledge of the presence in their midst of a ' Peace Commission/ they broke into and robbed a house at Skull Valley; stole a horse from T. W. Boggs of lower Agua Fria, over a ton of corn from John Townsend of the same place, and hundreds of bushels of corn from farmers of other localities, shot at the mail carrier near Wickenburg, and fired upon some men at Kirkland Valley."

In his message to the Legislative Assembly at Tucson, January 14th, 1871, Governor Safford called attention to recent outrages in the month of August, linking the Indians in a simultaneous movement along the Southern Overland Route. Two stage drivers were killed, one stage captured and all on board were murdered. A train was taken and all with it killed. A stage station twenty-two miles east of Tucson was taken, and but two of the inmates escaped alive. Several others were killed about that time. He said that the Coyoteros and Apache-Mohaves, branches of the Apache tribe, had expressed a desire for peace, and that a large reservation had been set apart for the former by the United States. He said: "I visited the reservation in June last, and believe the larger number of this band earnestly desire peace. I found they were very poor, with no seed for planting except that furnished by the military authorities, and they were of necessity obliged to roam over a large extent of country, as Indians always are, unless provided with ample agricultural facilities. I found the military doing everything possible to provide them with seeds, but were not authorized to supply even their present wants, except in limited amounts ; consequently the Indians had to principally depend upon game for subsistence. Much dissatisfaction and ill-feeling exist on the part of the settlers on account of the general belief that portions of this tribe join with marauding bands against them, and, as soon as their nefarious work is done, return to their reservation for safety. The Apache-Mohaves have received no assistance except from the military authorities, and that of necessity has been limited; and from personal observation, strengthened by information received from officers and citizens who have been more or less among them, I am convinced that they have been for some time past in a suffering condition ; and I shall not be surprised if in a few weeks, and perhaps days, they are again in open hostility. Three persons were murdered recently near Prescott, and it is charged, by wellinformed citizens, to these Indians. They have also banded together in considerable numbers, and made demands on the inhabitants of Chino Valley for food, with which the latter were unable to comply. The Indians retired without actually commencing hostilities, but informed the people that they would return with increased numbers and take what they wanted. The danger was considered so imminent that all the families of the valley were removed to Prescott for safety, and quite as much alarm now prevails with the people as when these Indians were in avowed hostility.

"The Indians now engaged in open hostility are the Finals, Tontos, what is commonly known as Coehise's band, and more or less renegades from all the bands that assume to be on terms of peace. It is also a well established fact that the Navahos, who occupy a reservation in New Mexico, have made frequent raids, and stolen property and murdered citizens as far west as Prescott. I believe I have fairly stated to you the condition and position the Apache Indians occupy toward us at present."

An account of what is known as the "Camp Grant Massacre" has been given in a previous volume in the biography of W. S. Oury. The following, clipped from the two leading papers in the Territory at that time, shows public sentiment in reference thereto: The "Arizona Citizen" of May 6th, 1871, says:

"The canyon is situated south of the Gila Eiver, some forty miles east of Florence, and about sixty miles north of Tucson. For weeks it had been known that a band of Indians was camped in that vicinity, and numbers of animals were stolen from the friendly Papagoes near Tucson. Four citizens in the San Pedro Valley were murdered by the party there encamped. These discoveries were rendered more believable by the fact that it was redskins, and that they had made one of the old style Final Treaties with the commander at Gamp Grant. They had been receiving rations from that post for some time, and had, in an apparently friendly mood, settled themselves in the canyon near the post, and while eating government supplies would make their murderous raids and return under the shadow, as it were, of Camp Grant, gorging themselves on the meat of stolen mules, horses, donkeys, and cattle, rejoicing in their success, gloating over their plunder, living in fancied security, and preparing to make another raid on some settlers or travellers. Having proof of their treachery, the dwellers in Tucson and vicinity went after these Finals, and of the entire band in camp, after the attack, only seven are known to have escaped.''

The "Prescott Miner," under date of June 10th, 1871, has the " following:

"Many declare that the Indians killed 'were under the protection of the Government, having surrendered themselves and being considered prisoners of war. '

"Yes ! as prisoners of war, armed to the teeth, unrestricted, and under no surveillance whatever. Prisoners of war, camped at a distance of four miles from the post to which they owed obedience. Prisoners of war who visited the valley of the Santa Cruz, distant eighty miles, and murdered two persons, and captured all the cattle and horses in the neighborhood, a few of which, together with an ornament worn by one of the victims, were recaptured at Camp Grant. Prisoners of war who next captured the United States mail twelve miles east of the San Pedro, and sixty-five miles from their rancheria and murdered the driver. Prisoners of war who marched to the San Pedro settlement and there murdered the last settlers in the valley, whence the avenging force followed their trail to the Camp Grant encampment. Prisoners of war who had just succeeded in all their depredations and were again on the warpath to the number of more than a hundred, with the commanding officer at Camp Grant at the head of forty men following on their trail. Over five hundred Indians, fantastically styled ' Prisoners of War,' to whom provisions and ammunition were supplied. Less than three hundred and fifty Indians were present when the Papago Indians made the attack. The band were on the warpath with Captain Stanwood in pursuit.

"We have seen the action of the Papago Indians and the men who accompanied them termed a cowardly slaughter of helpless women and children. We^ do not know it to be such, but we are credibly informed that some of the women and children were killed, which could not possibly have been otherwise where men and women are collected indiscriminately, and men, particularly Papago Indians, in the excitement of battle, are not the proper persons of whom to expect wise discrimination. We should be as ready as any of our contemporaries, to denounce a war upon women and children, but such this was not. It was the action of the people, aroused by governmental neglect, who took up arms and marched forward, prepared to encounter the enemy of double their number, and avenge their wrongs, or perish in the attempt, and we say: 'God speed every such mission. ' ' '

From Bourke, "On the Border with Crook"; Dunn, "Massacres of the Mountains"; and the Fish manuscript, I condense the following:

In February, 1871, a party of women came into Camp Grant in search of a captive boy. Through them communications were had with Es-kim-in-zin, the chief of the band. The chief said that his people wished to make peace. As there were no provisions made for caring for them, Lieutenant Eoyal E. Whitman, who was in command at the post, told them to go to the White Mountains. They were not willing to do this. It was finally agreed that they were to surrender to him and remain around the post as prisoners for the present. By March 5th about three hundred had come in and surrendered. Some of them were too old to go on the warpath, and some were peaceably inclined. Whitman sent a full account of this to division headquarters, and six weeks later received an answer stating that his communication had not been indorsed in accordance with official etiquette, and it was returned therewith, with instructions to return it to Department Headquarters " properly briefed." The fate of three hundred people was of less importance than the manner of addressing a report. The red tape business with our Government has caused much trouble and delays which could be avoided. These Indians were employed in some useful work, such as cutting hay, etc. They were counted and rations issued to them every day, but soon after being removed a little further from the post, the count and issuing of rations was every third day. They behaved well as far as known by the officers in charge. The citizens, especially at Tucson and vicinity, were indignant at this feeding of the Apaches, and refused to believe that they had surrendered in good faith. The military authorities had not taken the necessary precaution to prevent the hostiles from coming in and mixing with them. Most of these Indians were friendly, but there were, doubtless, some hostiles in this number who were on hand to aid those who were on the warpath.

The following is the military account of the Camp Grant Massacre, condensed from the Fish manuscript :

In accordance with the peace policy which had been decided upon by the United States Government, these Indians were placed upon a reservation not far from the post. They were principally the Final and Aravaipa bands of Apache Indians. After some experimenting, Royal E. Whitman, a lieutenant in the Third Cavalry, was assigned to duty as their agent. He was unscrupulous, and had outside parties in Tucson to work the business. A sutler's store was first started, then a blacksmith shop, and butcher shop. His sharp practices and moneymaking proclivities soon became disagreeable to the Indians. Some have claimed that this caused dissatisfaction when it was discovered that they were being cheated out of what the Government was giving them, but notwithstanding all these stories, and that Whitman was considered by many as a worthless fellow, he had great influence with the Indians, and could do more with them than any one else. During the winter of 1870-71, it was claimed that these Indians committed many depredations within a radius of a hundred miles to the southwest. On the killing of Wooster and wife on the Santa Cruz, above Tubac, indignation meetings were held in Tucson. At these meetings there was much "speechifying," as we are told, about killing the "red devils." It was claimed that it was these In dians around Camp Grant that were committing the depredations. Arrangements were made at one of these meetings to organize a militia force, and W. S. Oury was elected captain. The resolutions (Jrawfi up received the signature of eighty-two of the Americans. One result of these meetings was the appointing of a committee to visit the department commander, General -Stoneman, who was at that time on the Gila, near Florence. The committee consisted of W. S. Oury, 18. R. DeLong, J. W. Hopkins, and some others. They made a trip to the Gila, and saw the General. The result of the conference was, in substance, that the General had but few troops and could not protect nearly all the places, and could not give them any aid ; as Tucson had the largest population of any place in the Territory, he gave the committee to understand that Tucson would have to protect itself. The committee returned, a little disappointed in not getting the aid they had sought and hoped for, and feeling generally cross and grieved over their hard trip and the loss of a mule.

In the early part of April, 1871, a raid was made upon the San Xavier and stock driven off by Indians. They were pursued and some stock recovered. One Indian was killed. It was claimed that he was identified as one of the Camp Grant Indians, he having lost a certain tooth which made him a marked man. The pursuing party returned to Tucson and claimed that the raiders were Camp Grant Indians. In a short time a plan was arranged to pursue the raiders. This plan was promulgated by one Jesus M. Elias. Some Papago Indians were sent for to assist, and it was arranged for all parties to meet on the Rillito on the 28th of April. This was done with great precaution and secrecy. Parties were sent to guard the road that no news should be taken to Camp Grant of any parties leaving Tucson. The various parties met as agreed, and comprised the following : Papagoes 92, Mexicans 48, and Americans 6, total 146. The Americans made a very small showing considering the amount of blustering they had done. Adjutant General J. B. Allen furnished a wagon with arms and ammunition and stores for the expedition. The father of the project, Jesus M. Elias, was elected commander of the company, although W. S. Oury was along and seems to have been one of the main ones in the enterprise. The company left the Rillito at 4 p. m. They rested most of the next day on the San Pedro to avoid being seen, then started at dark, making an all night's march, and reached the Indian camp just at daylight and, in full view of the post, fell upon their unsuspecting victims, killing a hundred and twentyeight of them in a few minutes. The surprise was complete, and old and young of both sexes went down before the assailants. Not one of the attacking party was hurt, Twenty-nine children were spared and taken by the Papagoes and sold as slaves. Out of this number, however, two escaped, and five were recovered from Arizonans. It was the custom with the Pimas as well as the Papagoes to sell the children taken from the Apaches to other tribes and into Sonora. The bloody deed was accomplished on the morning of the Holy Sabbath, April 30th, 1871. The company then went into camp for breakfast and to spend a portion of the Lord's day in rest and thanks for their victory. Captain Perm, commanding at Fort Lowell, sent word to Lieutenant Whitman of the movement. On receipt of the message the latter at once sent two men to tell the Indians to come in, but the message was too late, the bloody work had been done. Dr. Biresly, post surgeon, with twelve men, was then dispatched to the place with a wagon to bring in any wounded that might be found. In his report Dr. Biresly said: "On my arrival I found that I should have but little use for wagon or medicine. The work had been too thoroughly done. The camp had been fired, and the dead bodies of some twenty-one women and children were lying scattered over the ground. Those who had been wounded in the first instance had had their brains beaten out with stones. Two of the best looking of the squaws were lying in such a position, and from the appearance of the genital organs and of their wounds, there can be no doubt that they were first ravished and then shot. Nearly all the dead were mutilated. One infant of some ten months was shot twice, and one leg hacked nearly off."

The party claimed as a justification of this massacre that they found an Indian boy riding a horse which was identified as one belonging to Don Leopoldo, and that some of the clothing of Dona Trinidad Aguirre was also found. Take it altogether the proof against these Indians was very slight. The trail followed led toward this point, but it does not appear that it was attempted to be followed for the last thirty miles at least, for the march was made in the night to avoid being seen ; besides, the trail was then some three weeks old. It matters but little as to the proof. No act could justify the indiscriminate massacre of women and children. At the December term of court a hundred and four of the perpetrators of this deed were indicted and tried before Judge Titus at Tucson, and were acquitted, the jury being out twenty minutes. It was impossible, under the existing feeling, to convict a person for the killing of an Apache. One of the principal reasons for this trial was, perhaps, the fact that President Grant wrote to Governor Safford stating that if the men who participated in this massacre were not brought to trial before the civil authorities, he would proclaim martial law in Arizona. At all events, the trial was had, and in his charge to the jury Judge Titus, among other things, said:

"The Government of the United States owes its Papago, Mexican and American residents in Arizona protection from Apache spoliation and assaults. If such spoliation and assaults are persistently carried on and not prevented by the Government, then its sufferers have a right to protect themselves and employ a force large enough for that purpose. It is also to be added that if the Apache nation, or any part of it, persists in assaulting the Papagoes, Mexicans or Americans in Arizona, then it forfeits the right of protection from the United States, whether that right is the general protection which a Government owes all persons within its limits and jurisdiction, or the special protection which is due to prisoners of war.

. .: Now, gentlemen, what is the evidence before you on this branch of the question? Have the Apache Indians, and especially that portion of them quartered near Camp Grant on which the deadly assault described in the indictment was made on the 30th day of April last, been persistently assailing, despoiling and murdering the Papago, Mexican and American residents of Arizona, and has this been prevented by the United States ? The evidence is quite full on this subject, and I submit to you whether it does or does not prove that the Apache Nation, and especially that portion of it on which the assault charged in the indictment was made on the 30th of April last, then and now is in hostility to all the Papago, Mexican and American residents in Arizona, including the defendants and such as they ? Has this or has it not been continued for years? Has it been attended with loss of life and property ? And has the Government of the United States prevented this ? Does or does not the evidence in the present question show that the clothing, arms and other property of murdered and despoiled Papago, Mexican and American residents of Arizona have been found in the possession of those on whom the assault charged in the indictment was made; that an obvious trail or Indian road leads from the place or places of this murder and spoliation direct to the encampment, and that these Indians, before and since the assault charged in the indictment, have admitted their participation in this murder and spoliation? After this is shown, is there any evidence that the United States Government has stopped this, or had done so on the 30th of April last ? If you find that the evidence proves these practices, you will find whether it proves also that they wrere and are persistent. If you find that the murder and spoliation had been or were, on the 30th of April last, persistent, or if you find that this murder and spoliation were not persistent, you will find accordingly one of the following conclusions :

" First : That the attack charged in the indictment was or was not a justifiable act of defensive or preventive hostilities, or

"Second: That it does or does not cast such reasonable doubt on the motive in making the assault charged in the indictment as will render you unable to see whether the defendants were actuated by murderous malice in making such an assault. Accordingly as you find the affirmative or negative of these conclusions, your verdict will be guilty or not guilty."

It must be admitted that this charge was equivalent to instructions to acquit the defendants, which was done.

Lieutenant Whitman seemed to have had remarkable success in gaining the confidence of the Indians, notwithstanding his moneymaking proclivities, as he induced many of them, under their chief, Es-kim-in-zin, to return after the outrage, believing that the military had no part in the massacre, but soon one of the returning parties by some blunder was fired upon by a squad of soldiers, and the Indians fled to the mountains, more hostile than ever.

The exterminating policies had received a fair trial in Arizona and had been found to be a failure. A careful study of the Indians, their numbers two hundred years ago, and the numbers within the United States to-day, sets aside at once the possibility of exterminating them. This policy has been tried several times, but the Indians continue as numerous as ever.

There had been killed by Indians within a short time on the Pedro, Henry Long, Alex. Mc-Kenzie, Sam Brown, Simms, and others ; on the Santa Cruz, Wooster and wife, Sanders and others; on the Sonoita, Pennington, Jackson, Carroll, Eotherwell and others. These murders were all laid to the Indians on the reservation, but, as a matter of fact, Cochise and his band were constantly raiding the country.

During the winter of 1870-71, there was no cessation to the amount of scouting conducted against the Apaches, who resorted to a system of tactics which had often been tried in the past, and always with success. A number of simultaneous attacks were made at widely separated points, evidently to confuse both the troops and the settlers by spreading a vague sense of fear all over the Territory, and imposing upon the military an exceptional amount of work and hardship. Bourke says:

 " Attacks were made in southern Arizona upon the stage stations at the San Pedro, and the Cienega, as well as the one near the Picacho, and upon the ranches in the Babacomori Valley, and in the San Pedro, near Tres Alamos. Then came the news of a fight at Pete Kitchen's, and, finally, growing bolder, the enemy drove off a herd of cattle from Tucson itself, some of them beeves, and others work oxen belonging to a wagon train from Texas, Lastly came the killing of the stage mail rider, between the town and the Mission Church of San Xavier, and the massacre of the party of Mexicans going down to Sonora, which occurred not far from the Sonoita.

"One of the members of this last party was a beautiful young Mexican lady Dona Trinidad Aguirre who belonged to a very respectable family in the Mexican Republic, and was on her way back from a visit to relatives in Tucson. That one so young, so beautiful and bright, should have been snatched away by a most cruel death at the hands of the savages, aroused the people of all the country south of the Gila, and nothing was talked of, nothing was thought of, but vengence upon the Apaches.

"Lieutenant Howard B. Gushing was most active at this time, and kept his troop moving without respite. There were fights, and ambuscades, and attacks upon Indian rancherias, and night marches without number, several very successful. When the work oxen of the Texans above referred to were run off, the Apaches took them over the steepest, highest and rockiest part of the Sierra Santa Catalina. Gushing followed closely, guided by Manuel Duran and others. Progress was necessarily slow on account of the difficulties of the trail. The only result of the pursuit, however, was the recovery of the meat of the stock which the Apaches had killed when they reached the canyons under Trumbull's Peak. Three of Gushing 's party were hurt in the ensuing fight, and several of the Indians were killed and wounded."

Lieutenant Gushing was afterwards killed by the Indians, an account of which, given by Bourke, follows:

"On the 5th of May, 1871, Lieutenant Howard B. Gushing, Third Cavalry, with several civilians and three soldiers, was killed by the Chiricahua Apaches, under their famous chief, Cochise, at the Bear Springs, in the Whetstone Mountains, about thirty-five miles from Tucson and about the same distance to the east of old Camp Crittenden. Gushing's whole force numbered twenty-two men, the larger part of whom was led into an ambuscade in the canyon containing the spring. The fight was a desperate one, and fought with courage and great skill on both sides. Our forces were surrounded before a shot had been fired; and it was while Gushing was endeavoring to lead his men back that he received the wounds which killed him. Had it not been for the courage and good judgment displayed by (Sergeant John Mott, who had seen a good deal of service against the Apaches, not one of the command would have escaped alive out of the canyon. Mott was in command of the rearguard, and, in coming up to the assistance of Lieutenant Gushing, detected the Apaches moving behind a low range of hills to gain Gushing 's rear. He sent word ahead, and that induced Lieutenant Gushing to fall back. After Gushing dropped, the Apaches made a determined charge and came upon our men hand to hand. The little detachment could save only those horses and mules which were ridden at the moment the enemy made the attack, because the men who had dismounted to fight on foot were unable to remount, such was the impetuosity of the rush made by the Chiricahuas. There were enough animals to 'ride and tie,' and Mott, by keeping up on the backbone of the hills running along the Babacomori Valley, was enabled to reach Camp Crittenden without being surrounded or ambuscaded.

" Inside of forty-eight hours there were three troops of cavalry en route to Crittenden, and in pursuit of the Apaches, but no good could be effected. Major William J. Eoss, at that time in command of Camp Crittenden, was most energetic in getting word to the various military commands in the southern part of the country, as well as in extending every aid and kindness to the wounded brought in by Mott.

"When the combined force had arrived at Bear Springs, there was to be seen every evidence of a most bloody struggle. The bodies of Lieutenant 'Gushing and comrades lay where they had fallen, stripped of clothing, which the Apaches always carried off from their victims. In all parts of the narrow little canyon were the carcasses of ponies and horses half-eaten by the coyotes and buzzards; broken saddles, saddlebags, canteens with bullet holes in them, pieces of harness and shreds of clothing scattered about, charred to a crisp in the flames which the savages had ignited in the grass to conceal their line of retreat.

"Of how many Apaches had been killed, there was not the remotest suggestion to be obtained. That there had been a heavy loss among the Indians could be suspected from the signs of bodies having been dragged to certain points, and there, apparently, put on pony back.

"The Chiricahuas seemed to have ascended the canyon until they had attained the crest of the range in a fringe of pine tynber; but no sooner did they pass over into the northern foothills than they broke in every direction, and did not re-unite until near our boundary line with Mexico, where their trail was struck and followed for several days by Major Gerald Russell of the Third Cavalry. They never halted until they regained the depths of the Sierra Madre, their chosen haunt, and towards which Russell followed them as long as his broken down animals could travel.

"Of the distinguished services rendered to Arizona by Lieutenant Gushing, a book might well be written. It is not intended to disparage anybody when I say that he had performed herculean and more notable work, perhaps, than had been performed by any other officer of corresponding rank, either before or since."

Lieutenant Gushing was one of the best and bravest officers in Arizona, and his continued campaigns against the hostiles had had a telling effect. He was considered the most successful Indian fighter in the army; brave, energetic and tireless, he followed the foe to their strongholds and there attacked them with vigor and spirit, dealing them blows the savages could not withstand. In him Arizona lost one of her most worthy defenders; a man who, at this critical time, she could ill afford to part with. He was the Ouster of Arizona, and it can be said of him : "It is a part of life and the mystery of fate, that to all men who must have their will, there comes a time when there is neither turning back nor to the side. It must be on, and on, and on, to an end that is either immortal or better to be forgotten. And it is from such ends that the children get either the story of shame, or the luster of a name shining out on the dark night of the past as a star of the greatest magnitude."

Lieutenant 'Gushing belonged to a family which won deserved renown during the Civil War. One of his brothers blew up the ram Albemarle ; another died most heroically at his post of duty on the battlefield of Gettysburg ; another, enlisted in the navy, died in the service.

Source: The History of Arizona by Thomas Edwin Farish Volume - 8 -1918