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History of Lee County
from Lee County, Iowa by the A.T. Andreas Illustrated Historical Atlas of the State of Iowa, 1875
transcribed by Sara Hemp
Lee County is in the southeast corner of the state. It has an area of about 500 square miles, or 320,000 acres.
In population it was the third county in the state in 1870, and in its agricultural and commercial facilities it
has few superiors in Iowa.
EARLY SETTLEMENT.
The first settlement by a white man was six miles above Keokuk, by a French trader named Lemoliese, in 1820. Soon
afterwards Doctor Samuel Muir, a surgeon of the United States army, made a settlement at Keokuk. In 1829, Doctor
Isaac Garland settled at Nashville, where he was joined by Isaac R. Campbell the next year. Captain James White
made a claim on the present site of Montrose. In the Fall of 1832, Peter Williams made a settlement on the present
site of the City of Fort Madison. In the Fall of 1833, John M. Forest made a claim at the point now known as South
Augusta. Wm. Skinner settled in Jefferson Township in 1834. Alexander Cruikshank became identified with Lee County
on the 4th of March, 1834. He settled on the farm where he now resides.
In 1836 J. C. Parrott, present post master of the city of Keokuk, came to the county the same year. From this time
settlements were made more rapidly, as 1838 shows a population of 2,838, which was increased in 1840 to 6,095,
as shown by the United States census of that year.
ORGANIZATION.
As will be seen from the history of the state, the Territory of Iowa was, in 1834, attached to Michigan, and at
that time consisted of two judicial divisions, or counties, Des Moines and Dubuque. Burlington was the seat of
justice for the Des Moines district. Iowa was more generally organized into counties in 1836, and Lee County was
then formed. The survey was commenced in this county the same year, and completed the following year. This became
part of Wisconsin Territory in 1836, and in the first territorial legislature John Box was the representative from
Lee County. The courts were held at Fort Madison until 1843, when, by special act of the legislature, the seat
of justice was transferred to West Point, where the first court was held in April, 1843. In the Fall of 1845, by
vote of the citizens, the county seat was restored to Fort Madison, its present location. By an act of the Legislature
of 1839-40, two commissioners had been appointed to select a site near the geographical center of the county. They
located it at Franklin, but no improvements were made or courts held at that point. By a special act of the Legislature
of 1855, a court with concurrent jurisdiction was established at Keokuk. The officers of Keokuk are deputies, that
being considered a branch office; separate juries being chosen for each district.
THE HALF-BREED TRACT.
The Sac and Fox Indians had been in possession of the soil now included in Lee County long before it was opened
to settlement in 1833 by the ratification of the Black Hawk treaty of 1832. Prior to this time many of the agents
and employes of the American Fur Company and others intermarried with these tribes, producing a race of half-breeds.
Some of these half-breeds adopted the habits of civilization, others retained the manners of the Indians. On the
4th of August, 1824, a treaty was made at Washington in which 119,000 acres situated in the south part of the present
County of Lee was reserved to the half-breeds, investing them with a right to the soil, but without the power of
transferring it. By an act passed by Congress, January 30, 1834, a title was made to the half-breeds in fee simple.
The law poorly defined the boundaries of the tract, and the personal rights of the owners in relation to partition.
Hence conflicts and quarrels arose on all sides. To decide the validity of adverse claims, and to partition them
among the claimants or sell them for the benefit of the actual owners, the Legislature of Wisconsin Territory passed
an act on the 16th of January, 1838, appointing Edward Johnston, Thomas S. Wilson, and David Brigham commissioners
to settle these difficulties in accordance with the intention of the law. The commissioners met at Montrose and
summoned the claimants to appear before them and prove their claims. The session continued until the next session
of the Legislature, when the act under which they labored was repealed. It gave authority to the commissioners
to collect from the owners of said lands the amount of their just bill for services, and their claim by the repealing
clause, was made a lien on the lands. At the August term of the District Court of Lee County two judgments were
obtained, and in due time the entire tract was sold at sheriff's sale to Hugh T. Reid. Reid sold more or less at
different times, and his title was reversed by the Supreme Court of the United States in December, 1850. Previous
to this decision another class of titles arose, based upon the "Decree of Partition" issued by the United
States District Court for the Territory of Iowa on the 8th of May, 1841. This provided for the partition of one
hundred and one shares, and that each claimant should be content with his lot. These lots were drawn and the plats
of, the same filed in the recorder's office, October 6, 1841. These titles are now generally secure, either upon
their legal merits or by compromises effected prior to the decision of the Supreme Court. The state laws of 1841
in relation to these lands was sustained by the United States Supreme Court in 1854.
COUNTY OFFICERS, 1875.
WILLIAM P. STAUB, Clerk of District and Circuit Courts.
C. L. ALLEN and J. D. HUFF, Deputies of District and Circuit Courts.
JOSEPH A. PEASE, Sheriff.
JAMES POLLARD and J. G. ROURKE, Deputy Sheriffs.
A. L. COURTRIGHT, Treasurer.
THOMAS ALLEN and T. W. LOWRY, Deputy Treasurers.
J. C. BLACKBURN, Auditor.
HENRY BANK, Jr., Recorder.
V. BUECHEL, Deputy Recorder.
WESLEY C. HOBBS, Superintendent of Public Schools.
T. GOODENOUGH, Coroner.
WM. A. DONNEL, ELIAS OVERTON, and A. L. CONABLE, Board
of Supervisors.
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KEOKUK
Is situated on the Mississippi River, at the foot of the rapids, two hundred and twelve miles above St. Louis.
Its commercial facilities are equal to those of any other city of the state. In addition to its water navigation
it has several lines of railroad diverging from it in various directions. Its substantial railroad bridge across
the Mississippi was completed in 1871. This is a combined railroad, carriage and foot bridge. "The Des Moines
Rapids Improvement" on the Mississippi River is a canal, about nine miles in length, for steamboats to pass
through, thus obviating the dangers of navigation heretofore existing during low water. This work of the General
Government will be completed the present year.
EARLY SETTLEMENT.
Doctor Samuel C. Muir erected the first cabin in 1820. Moses Stillwell, with his family, settled in 1828; also,
at the same time, Amos and Valencourt Van Ansdal. Margaret Stillwell wife of E. R. Ford, of Keokuk, was the first
white child born here. This birth occurred in 1831. About this time the American Fur Company had a trading post
here, but they soon removed to other headquarters. Doctor Muir and Isaac R. Campbell became their successors.
Campbell, in addition to his merchandizing, kept the first "tavern" in Keokuk.
About this time, 1831, John Gaines, William Price, Alexander Hood, William McBride, and Thomas W. Taylor were added
to the population.
The first death was Doctor S. C. Muir, of cholera, in 1832. The town was laid out in 1837.
INCORPORATION.
On December 13, 1847, it was first incorporated as a city. The first officers installed, January 10, 1848, were;
Mayor, W. A. Clark; Aldermen: James Macklay, W. C. Read, Wm. Holliday, H. Bassett, John W. Ogden, and J. M. Houston.
Since that time it has made a fair and substantial growth. It has a population of nearly 15,000. It contains four
banks, several wholesale jobbing houses, good hotels, and is well represented in the various manufacturing and
mercantile interests. It does a large business in pork packing, and in the lumber trade.
The present Mayor of Keokuk is Ed. Jaeger; S. S. Curtis, Clerk; J. F. Bower, Treasurer; A. J. Hardin, Marshall;
John Gibbons, City Attorney; and Charles W. Taylor, Recorder.
EDUCATION, ETC.
The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Keokuk is one of the oldest and best conducted institutions in the state.
It was established in 1850, and is now under the efficient management of Professor J. C. Hughes, M.D., Dean of
the Institute, who is assisted by an able corps of professors. A large number of medical practitioners have graduated
from this college. The capacious college building is one of the most substantial edifices of the city. A good collection
is found in the college museum.
The city has six public school buildings, well finished and furnished with the modern improvements for the comfort
and convenience of their numerous pupils. Keokuk may with propriety feel proud of her public schools.
The present public school Board of Education consists of some of the most substantial citizens of Keokuk. By a
judicial and careful selection of teachers the schools of the city are rendered highly prosperous, and are well
attended.
Keokuk has a variety of churches numbering over a score and containing some elegant as well as substantial edifices.
The Keokuk Library Association (J. Henry Westcott, Secretary) was established in 1863, and now numbers 7,200 volunteers.
As it contains a large number of standard works it is a popular resort, as well as a source of great intellectual
value to its numerous visitors. The St. Peter's Catholic Library (Reverend A. Trevis, President; R. P. Miller,
Secretary) was established in 1874. Although comparatively in its infancy it bids fair to be of lasting benefit
to the community.
THE PRESS.
There are at this time three papers published in Keokuk. The Gate City is published by Howell & Clark. Its
predecessor, The Des Moines Whig, was established in 1846. The Keokuk Constitution is published by Thomas W. Claggett.
These publish both daily and weekly issues, and are both among the pioneer journals of the state.
The Keokuk Post (German) is conducted by Charles Norman.
Keokuk has a good representation in the various societies, as there are several lodges of both Masons and Odd Fellows,
well represented by the character of their membership as well as by their numbers.
The post office is centrally located on the corner of Main and Sixth Streets, and the old pioneer, General J. C.
Parrott, who has been a citizen of Lee County for forty-one years, is the present post master. The city is lighted
with gas, and has several efficient fire companies.
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FORT MADISON.
The county seat of Lee County, is pleasantly situated on the western bank of the Mississippi River. The town derives
its name from a military post established here in 1808. This was evacuated in 1813, and the buildings were burned
by the hostile Indians.
The first settlement was made in 1832. Among the early settles were Peter Williams, Peter Miller, Jacob Cutler,
John Atlee, John Kenedy, James Small, John Walch, Joseph Webster, and Philip Viele, with others who settled prior
to 1838.
The town was incorporated by act of Congress of July 2, 1836. William M. Corriell and George Cubbage were the commissioners.
The Legislature of Wisconsin made it the county seat the same year.
The penitentiary buildings located here were erected by the General Government before Iowa was admitted as a state.
This work was contracted for in 1838, and completed in the Fall of 1841. It is now a state institution, is ably
conducted by S. H. Craig, Warden, assisted by James H. Reynolds and others, with H. Clay Stuart, Clerk. Reverend
James Sunderland is the present Chaplain.
ORGANIZATION.
By a special act of the Legislature, approved January 28, 1848, Fort Madison received a charter, with corporate
privileges as a city. The present official list is; A. C. Roberts, Mayor, Ekin Smith, Clerk; B. Rephohl, Treasurer;
J. C. Henderson, Marshal; John Huff, City Attorney; and R. H. Heath, Engineer.
SCHOOLS.
The Fort Madison Academy is one of the best institutions of its class in the state. Besides its primary and academic
departments, it gives a classical course, preparatory for college. Reverend C. F. Williams is the present principal,
who has the assistance of an able and efficient corps of teachers. The present Board of Trustees are; Jno. Van
Valkenburg, John C. Atlee, J. C. Blackburn, E. G. Wilson, Isaac Hale, J. G. Wilson, and R. Crepps. The public schools
are conducted by able teachers.
THE PRESS.
The Plaindealer (J. G. Wilson, proprietor, established in 1851), and The Democrat (Roberts & Schroeder, proprietors,
established in 1865), are both ably conducted weekly journals.
MANUFACTURES.
The most prominent manufacturing interest in Fort Madison is that of lumber. The firm of S. & J. Atlee, manufacture
yearly about 9,000,000 feet of pine lumber, 3,000,000 lath, and about 24,000,000 shingles. Weston & Co. manufacture
about the same amount of lumber and lath.
There are three planing mills in Fort Madison, having a capacity in the aggregate of 9,000,000 feet per annum.
The Iowa Farming Tool Co. (W. H. Kretsinger, Supt.), is one of the large manufactories of Fort Madison.
With its present commercial facilities, Fort Madison has a fair local trade, all departments being well represented
by men mostly of energy and capital.
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WEST POINT was laid out by William Patterson, A. H. Walker, and A. Hunsaker, June 11, 1840. It is a pleasant, thriving
village, situated in a rich agricultural district.
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FRANKLIN was laid out March 21, 1840. It was selected by Commissioners J. L. Scott and S. C. Reed, who were appointed
by the legislature to select a site for the county seat of Lee County. The land upon which the town is situated
was donated by J. Chapman, John Brown, and Thomas Douglas.
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DENMARK was laid off January 17, 1840, by T. Fox, L. Repps, Curtis Shedd, and William Brown. Here is located Denmark
Academy, which, under the supervision of Professor H. K. Edson, has acquired a prominence and popularity highly
creditable to its friends and patrons.
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MONTROSE was laid out November 10, 1853, by Ed. Brooks, F. E. Billon, D. C. and W. J. Riddick. It possesses many
commercial advantages, and now having a fair trade, its growth in the future will be quickened.
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The other townships and villages of the county are usually quiet centers of trade situated in good agricultural
districts.
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